Crying is a form of communication for babies. However, some babies experience crying spells during the day, especially in the evenings. This condition, known as colic, is temporary and does not cause any harm to the baby.

What is Colic?

Some babies experience long or frequent bouts of crying during the day. These excessive crying episodes are called colic. In fact, all babies cry or become fussy from time to time. However, when this behavior is excessive and frequent, it is defined as colic. It is characterized by abdominal pain in the form of sudden spasms. Typically, it begins around the 3rd–4th week and resolves by the end of the 3rd month. It is more common in first-born male babies. In premature infants, it starts later and resolves later. Colic rarely continues until the 4th or 5th month and may end suddenly or gradually. It often occurs at night.

What Causes Colic? Does It Harm the Baby?

The exact cause is unknown, but it may be due to multiple factors. Possible causes include cow’s milk protein sensitivity or allergy, lactose intolerance, sensitivity or allergy to the protein in formula (if formula-fed), excessive gas in the baby’s digestive system, or communication difficulties between the baby and parents. However, recent theories suggest that intestinal hormones may also play a role. Colic resolves on its own over time and does not harm the baby. It is not related to poor or inadequate parental care.

How to Soothe a Baby Crying Due to Colic?

• Check whether the baby is hungry or thirsty. If you think the baby is hungry, try breastfeeding or giving a bottle (if not breastfed). When breastfeeding, do not switch too quickly to the second breast. Review the mother’s diet for foods that commonly cause gas (such as spicy foods or carbonated drinks). If bottle-feeding, do not shake the bottle as this creates air bubbles, and do not hold it horizontally, as this can cause air swallowing. If possible, use anti-colic bottles and nipples.
• Try holding your baby and gently rocking them (do not shake the baby harshly). Some babies calm down when rocked side to side, while others prefer an up-and-down motion. Observe your baby’s reactions to different directions of movement.
• You can gently rock your baby in a baby swing or take them for a walk in a stroller or car seat.
• Regulate feeding intervals. If you are sure your baby was fully fed in the previous feeding, wait about two hours. You can also try using a pacifier to calm them down.
• Try playing soft music or taking a car ride. Interestingly, even the sound of a washing machine or hair dryer can sometimes have a calming effect.
• Give your baby a warm bath to help them relax.
• Massage your baby gently. Rub their arms, back, abdomen, and legs softly and affectionately. While you lie on your back, place your baby face down on your chest.
• Hold your baby face down on your lap and gently pat their back. Applying gentle pressure to the abdomen and patting or rubbing the back can help relieve discomfort.
• In the late afternoon or evening, avoid taking your baby into stimulating environments and limit the number of visitors.
• Sing lullabies or soft songs. If you discover a melody your baby enjoys, repeat it.
• If you feel tense or stressed because your baby won’t stop crying, hand the baby over to the father, grandmother, or a caregiver for a while. Avoid shaking or handling the baby roughly.
• If your baby is still crying despite all efforts, and you are sure they are full and clean, place them in their bed and allow them to rest. Reduce surrounding noise and take a short break. If the baby still does not fall asleep, pick them up again and try calming methods once more.
• Even though breast milk is easy to digest, colic can still occur in breastfed babies. Breastfeeding should never be discontinued, formula should not be introduced without consulting a doctor, and frequent formula changes should be avoided.
• If your baby continues to cry despite all efforts, contact your doctor.